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The San Francisco Sound refers to rock music performed live and recorded by San Francisco-based rock groups of the mid-1960s to early 1970s. It was associated with the counterculture community in San Francisco during these years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zHmi9y-KLo )〕 San Francisco is a westward-looking port city, a city that at the time was 'big enough' but not manic like New York City or spread out like Los Angeles. Hence, it could support a 'scene'.〔Stanley, Bob 2013 ''Yeah, Yeah, Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop''. London: Faber and Faber.〕 According to journalist Ed Vulliamy, "A core of Haight Ashbury bands played with each other, for each other, for free and at Chet Helms's Avalon Ballroom and Bill Graham's Fillmore."〔Vulliamy, Ed "Love and Haight". ''The Guardian / The Observer''. 20 May 2007. Retrieved from Web October 1, 2013〕 The Bay-Aread-based jazz critic and columnist Ralph J. Gleason had established the first journal (''Jazz Information'') devoted to jazz, in 1939. Gleason was open to new pathways. He admired San Francisco's new music scene in the mid-1960s, and wanted to draw attention to it. According to an announcer for a TV show that Gleason hosted: "In his syndicated newspaper column, Mr. Gleason has been the foremost interpreter of the sounds coming out of what he calls 'the Liverpool of the United States.' Mr. Gleason believes the San Francisco rock groups are making a serious contribution to musical history." Gleason became one of the founders of the U.S. national rock-scene fan journal ''Rolling Stone''. == Stylistic dimensions == The new sound, which melded many musical influences, was perhaps heralded in the live performances of the Jefferson Airplane (from 1965 on), who put out an LP record earlier than nearly all the other new bands (September 1966). The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "Beat Generation" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting. The entire tone of the ''new'' subculture was different. According to biography author Robert Greenfield, "Jon McIntire (of the Grateful Dead from the late sixties to the mid-eighties ) points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection of joy. The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold." The new music was loud and community-connected: bands sometimes presented free concerts in Golden Gate Park and "happenings" at the city's several psychedelic clubs and ballrooms. The many bands that formed signalled a shift from one subculture to the next. Monterey, California is about 120 road miles south of San Francisco. At the June 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, Bay Area groups (Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, and Big Brother and The Holding Company) performed from the same stage as established and fast-rising musical groups and well-known individual artists from the U.S., England, and even India. Soon after, Ralph J. Gleason and Jann Wenner, based in San Francisco, established ''Rolling Stone'' magazine (first issue's date: November 1967). Each San Francisco band had its characteristic sound, but enough commonalities existed that there was a regional identity. By 1967, fresh and adventurous improvisation during live performance (which many heard as being epitomized by the Grateful Dead) was one characteristic of the San Francisco Sound. A louder, more prominent role for the electric bass—typically with a melodic or semi-melodic approach, and using a plush, pervasive tone—was another feature.〔Melhuish, Martin & Hall, Mark (1999) ''Wired for Sound: A Guitar Odyssey''. Kingston Ontario: Quarry Press.〕 This questing bass quality has been wryly characterized as a "roving" (rather than the conventional "stay-at-home") style. In jazz it had been exuberantly pioneered by numerous musicians—and such bassists as Charles Mingus, Scott LaFaro, and Steve Swallow had taken it into very exploratory places. A musician who was a leading example of this, Jack Casady of Jefferson Airplane (and the offshoot Hot Tuna) pioneered this playing, best shown on the album Bless Its Pointed Little Head. Phil Lesh, bassist with the Grateful Dead, furthered this sound. Lesh had developed his style on the foundation of having studied classical, brass-band, jazz, and modernist music on the violin and later the trumpet. Exploration of chordal progressions previously uncommon in rock & roll, and a freer and more powerful use of all instruments (drums and other percussion, electric guitars, keyboards, as well as the bass) went along with this "psychedelic-era" music. Brasses and reeds, such as trumpets and saxophones were rarely used, unlike in contemporary R&B and soul bands and some of the white bands from the U.S. East Coast (e.g., Blood, Sweat & Tears or Chicago). Sly & the Family Stone, a San Francisco-based group that got its start in the late 1960s, was an exception, being a racially integrated hippie band with a hefty influence from soul music, hence making use of brass instrumentation. This was the period when "rock" was differentiating itself from "rock & roll," partly due to the upshot of the British Invasion.〔n.a. 2010 "Rock and Roll". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 In San Francisco, musical influences came in from not only London, Liverpool, and Manchester, but also the bi-coastal American folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, the Chicago electric blues scene, the soul music scenes in Detroit, Memphis, and Muscle Shoals, jazz styles of various eras and regions, and more. The lyrical content of the San Francisco Sound was both emotional (which carried over from early rock & roll) and intelligent, reflecting the influence of such pioneering contemporary lyricists as Bob Dylan and John Lennon. Lyrics were deliberately, and often skillfully, poetic. In this respect for poetry, the San-Francisco-Sound writers were no doubt also influenced by the Beat Generation poets of the San Francisco Renaissance of a decade before (and, incidentally, Beat writers like Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and Gary Snyder had already served to influence people like Dylan). The quest for convivial good times, for love, empathy, brotherhood, and solidarity, for increased wisdom, for harmony with nature, and for personal and collective fulfillment was represented in lyrics. The journalist Ed Vulliamy wrote: "The Summer of Love had an empress, and her name was Janis Joplin."〔Vulliamy, Ed "Love and Haight". ''The Guardian / The Observer''. 20 May 2007. Retrieved from Web October 1, 2013〕 Women, in a few cases, enjoyed an equal status with men as stars in the San Francisco rock scene—but these few instances signaled a shift that has continued in the U.S. music scene. Both Grace Slick (singing with Jefferson Airplane) and Joplin (singing initially with Big Brother & the Holding Company) gained a substantial following locally and, before long, across the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXcVEnQpNbc )〕 Typically, a San Francisco band's live performance included at least a few musical jams, displaying a spirit similar to jazz. On these numbers, the musicians (together with the psychedelic light shows, at indoor concerts) took the audience along on an exciting journey. Perfect examples of these include "Bear Melt" by Jefferson Airplane, released on the Bless Its Pointed Little Head album, and "That's It For The Other One" by The Grateful Dead on Dick's Picks Volume 4. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「San Francisco Sound」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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